A Case Study of the Glass Bangle Industry

The glass manufacturing industry in Ferozabad, Uttar Pradesh, produces bangles, utensils, bulbs, decorative articles etc. The glass industry has been classified as hazardous and the employment of child labour (children below age 14 years) in it is prohibited. However, available research and literature indicated that child labour was concentrated mainly in the production of glass bangles. At the time of the present study over 50,000 children were generally believed to be engaged in the hazardous glass bangle industry of Ferozabad.The process of manufacture of glass bangles is broken down into six separate stages and each stage is done by a separate specialized enterprise. At the first stage, the spring bangles are produced at a glass factory and it involves work at the furnace and handling, coloring, and shaping the molten glass into a spring form or rings. The subsequent processes like straightening, linking up the edges of the glass spirals, joining the edges, hardening them, cuttin g designs into them and coloring the bangles are done in separate stages by small informal sector enterprises using different tools like kerosene lamps, abrasive wheel, mud oven, and chemical colors for each of the processes.Unlike glass factories, these small informal sector enterprises are not registered and difficult to observe as they are often located inside households and in small alleys. Moreover, the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act of 1986 does not cover the informal sector.OBJECTIVES AND METHODOLOGYThe study aimed to document the extent of child labour, types of activities in which children are engaged, employment conditions , and the cost implications of eliminating child labour. Data collection involved an enterprise survey. As the production process for glass bangles involves a number of different and distinct stages, enterprises were chosen from individual stages of production to ensure a representative selection. In all 268 enterprises with 4100 workers a nd approximately 1000 child labourers were covered.Anticipating that the information furnished by the employers on child labour and the number of children employed may be misleading or grossly understated, field investigators were trained to distinguish children from adults through observation. As this was still difficult to do for children in the 12-16 age group, investigators were allowed to record their observation in either of the three categories ‘definitely adult’, ‘definitely child’, or ‘probably child’. The category of ‘probably child’ was used when an investigator could not decide if a worker was a child.KEY FINDINGSThe total number of child labourers employed in the glass bangle industry was estimated on the basis of the number of children employed in different stages of production. Of the approximately 60,000 workers in the glass bangle industry, 9,40011,000 are children constituting about 16 to 19 percent of the workfor ce in this industry. Employment of children was confined  mostly to unskilled jobs like carrying and sorting in the glass factories. Within the stages of production where several different activities are performed, children do the least skilled of these activities (see table). In other words, children do not have unique or irreplaceable skills and are therefore not necessary for the glass bangles industry.The daily productivity per worker is between 12 to 32 tora (312 or 13 double dozen) bangles per day for different production stages. Children are commonly said by employers to work slower and take longer hours to achieve the same output as their adult counterparts. Each enterprise is paid on a piece rate basis. The wage payment system has a very strict control of the output.Teams of workers must achieve a prescribed minimum level of output in order to be given the agreed daily payment, and it often takes more than eight hours to achieve this minimum acceptable output. Since child ren are said to work slower than adults, they generally need to work longer hours than Working conditions & Health hazards adults in order to achieve the same output and therefore As ‘carriers’: the same daily income. carrying molten glass from the furnace to the Working spaces are small and cramped. Burns and respiratory problems are common occupational health hazards (see box). Several young males and adults were observed without the thumb or forefinger. Tuberculosis is a very common health problem in Ferozabad.Payments to child labourers are estimated to account for only about 15 percent of the total labour cost and so about 4 to 7 percent of the cost of producing a glass bangle. shaper or loom maker, constant exposure to the heat, sound and pollution. Straightening: work in closed rooms, no cross ventilation and are continuously exposed to smoke emitted from dozens of kerosene lamps. Joining and cutting: long hours of sitting in one posture, risk of cramps; continuo us exposure to smoke from the  kerosene lamps.Colouring: high toxic effect of chemical-based colours, handled with bare hands; colours stick to the fingers and palms and are difficult to remove. The increase in the cost of production of one dozen bangles (as most consumers buy bangles by the Hardening: dozen) as a result of elimination of child labour was working around a small furnace and hot trays; calculated in three different ways based on three burns are common. different assumptions.If a sufficient  number of adult workers from the large labour reserve in India are available and willing to work at the present, market determined wage rate , there would be no cost effect, as adults would replace children at the same piece rate payment. Assumptions 2 and 3 presuppose that adult workers would need to be paid a higher wage (10 and 20 percent, respectively) in order to attract the additional adult workers required to replace the child workers. In that case, production costs go u p by only about 2-3 paise a dozen for plain bangles and 6-12 paise for coloured and detailed cut bangles.In percentage terms, this would mean only a 0, 2 and 4 percent increase in the cost of glass bangles in all three scenarios. Even at the retail level (which we assume has a 200 percent mark-up compared to wholesale), the cost of a dozen glass bangles would go up by only 10-20 paise for plain bangles and 12-27 paise for coloured and detailed cut bangles. There is no economic  justification to employ child labour in the glass bangle industry, as children do not occupy a necessary role in the glass bangle production, nor do they have the skills that could not replaced by adults, and elimination of child labour would increase the cost of production only marginally.RECOMMENDATIONSImprove production technology and work environment of the glass bangle industry. In the shortrun, the health of those children who continue to work would improve. In the long run, the demand for child labou r should decrease as the increased capital investments made would create a need for more skilled and responsible adult workers. The number of adult labourers interested in doing this work should increase along with improvement in working conditions and increased wages resulting from the need for greater skills and responsibility. Thus it will have a favourable impact on the goal of eliminating child labour.

Apple’s “1984”: Greatest Commercial Ever Made Essay

â€Å"1984† is an American television commercial which introduced the Apple Macintosh personal computer for the first time. The commercial served as a significant milestone in the history of adverting and had a massive effect on the popularity of Apple. The ad consistently been lauded as a classic, winning critical acclaim over time. It is now considered a watershed event and a masterpiece in advertising, and is widely regarded as one of the most memorable and successful American television commercials of all time. It aired only once on daytime television, on 22 January 1984 in the third quarter of Super Bowl XVIII. The ad was not only rated as the best advertisement ever in 2007, it was also rated as the ‘Best Super Bowl spot in the 40 years history’. The turning point event was not the only computer advertisement that aired in these years, but it was â€Å"the only one that changed people’s lives†. The ad started the phenomenon known as â€Å"event marketing,† in which a high-visibility commercial garners a lot of extra free publicity. â€Å"1984† also inaugurated the trend of showcasing commercials on the Super Bowl. And, most importantly for Apple, the ad brought consumers into the stores. The commercial opens with a droning voice resonating through a science-fiction dystrophic setting, which is held in dark, blue and gray tones. Then you see emotionless, bald and almost robotic people marching in unanimity through a long tunnel with telescreens on the wall. Then out of nowhere, a young woman appears, dressed like an athlete, in a color-full sports outfit that forms a strong contrast to the dull gray environment surrounding her. She carries a sledgehammer and is being chased by uniformed guards and then she runs up to the screen, hurls a hammer with a heroic grunt, and shatters the TV image of the said dictator named â€Å"Big Brother†. As the screen explodes, bathing the stunned audience in the light of freedom, a voice-over announces, â€Å"On January 24th, Apple Computer will introduce the Macintosh. And you’ll see why 1984 won’t be like â€Å"1984.† The ad was an allusion to George Orwell’s noted novel, â€Å"Nineteen Eighty-Four†, which described a dystopian future ruled by a televised â€Å"Big Brother†. After the ad was released in 1984, Apple became a household name in the United States. Apple’s 1984 commercial’s aim was to brand their product, Macintosh with an ideology of empowerment and individuality; contrary to the 1970s perception that personal computers were tools invented for utilitarian purposes and designed to facilitate specific tasks. During those times, the trend was common and utilitarian, so with Macintosh deviating its image against the norm, the people’s attention was acquired with a bold ad set up by Apple. The 1984 ad’s strategy was to differentiate themselves by combating conformity and asserting individuality. It was a definite plus for Apple to choose to air the commercial during the most watched television event in United States, The Super Bowl. Surely, the amount of people watching was at an all-time high thus making the visibility of the commercial reach its maximum. With a large number of people exposed to the memorable commercial, it is more likely to be remembered and talked about, thus making the Macintosh known and popular. Apple’s strategy of making the viewers of the Super Bowl, particularly a wide range of age, gender, ethnicity and social status as their target audience was a clever move since the more exposure, the better outcome. The commercial made a bold move in referencing George Orwell’s novel â€Å"Nineteen Eighty- Four† which could easily been misinterpreted and ended up scaring the audience with futuristic dystopian themes. Fortunately, the ad was considered as revolutionary, innovative and positively shocking which is a good thing because it made the idea of Apple stick into people’s minds. With Apple imaging itself as the ‘hero’/’saviour’ of the masses against forced conformity, the commercial was a clever way of saying that ‘If you buy a Mac, the awful dystopian future will not take place and instead individuality and self-empowerment will dominate.’ Ever since that commercial, the Mac has glowed with an aura of rebellion and empowerment. One major element on why the ad was so successful was, of course, the remarkable production values. Nobody had ever spent that much money to make a commercial look like a big-budget blockbuster movie. By bringing in the best people in the industry, the execution was astounding especially to the common individual. Steve Job’s vision of stressing the liberating power of the Apple Macintosh and paving the way for individuality was highlighted as the message of the commercial. The advertisement delivered the message of what Apple as a whole stood for and what distinguished it from the multitude of other computer brands in the market. Steve Jobs thought he knew what was special about Apple: they were the underdogs, who’d battled the corporate giants and brought computing power to the masses. The 1984 ad glorified the Information Age into a good vs. evil battle between technologies. They considered the rival PC in the market as bad technology – centralized, authoritarian – which crushes the human freedom and controls peoples’ minds. But we can be liberated from that bad technology by the good technology – independent, individualized – of the Apple Mac. In that instant when â€Å"1984† premiered, it positioned the Apple brand as creative, different and human while re-positioning its competition as staid, status quo and robotic. The commercial ultimately explained Apple’s philosophy and purpose; that people, not just government and big corporations, should run technology. If computers aren’t to take over our lives, they have to be accessible.

Too Many Americans Suffer from Alcoholism - 607 Words

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The Case For Continued Agricultural Trade Liberalization

The Case for Continued Agricultural Trade Liberalization Alan Blinder once wrote, â€Å"Economists have the least influence on policy where they know the most and are most agreed; they have the most influence on policy where they know the least and disagree most vehemently† (1987, p.1). This maxim is certainly true when the subject in question is free trade. Despite near unanimity among economists as to the benefits of free trade, the general public remains skeptical and politicians regularly play to voters’ fear about the dangers of trade to garner support (Mankiw, 2015). Nowhere have protectionist tendencies been more evident than in agriculture. Across developed nations, trade barriers for agricultural commodities remain higher than those for manufactured goods. For example, the World Trade Organization (WTO) estimates that on average the U.S. imposes tariffs of 4.72% on agricultural products as opposed to 3.56% on non-agricultural imports (Tariff Analysis Database, n.d.). While these tariffs are lower than those of many other developed nations, the U.S. also provide significant subsidies to agricultural producers that tend distort international markets. In the author’s opinion, the U.S. and its trading partners should pursue further agricultural trade liberalization. This position is developed in the following paragraphs. First, the economic principles favoring free trade are presented. Next, opposing arguments are considered. Finally, the paper concludes by recommending thatShow MoreRelatedThe United States Trade Policy1741 Words   |  7 PagesSince the early 1930s, tariff reduction has been the prevalent theme of United States trade policy. In the future, economic historians will put an emphasis on the way the liberalization of trade over the past forty to sixty years has molded this particular trade policy. Since 1930, tariffs have been gradually reduced to roughly twenty percent of the regular level they were back then. 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It can be argued that the introduction of SAP was aimed at reducing poverty and increasing human development, which in effect has made developing countries dependentRead MoreTrade Liberalization And Increased Transparency Essay1724 Words   |  7 Pages place institutions that support market liberalization and increased transparency. As argued by Drabek and Baccheta (2004), WTO membership eventually enhances good governance by upholding the rule law, contract enforcement and makes countries to have a strong judicial system. Other elements such as culture and group norms have fundamentally transformed how international organizations or governments shape their motivations and thus, the governing process is controlled by multiple entities with varying

The Bombing of Hiroshima Essay - 836 Words

The Bombing of Hiroshima On August 6, 1945, a B-29 bomber named Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb, little boy on Hiroshima, Japan. Hiroshima had been almost eradicated with an estimated 70-80,000 people killed. Three days later, a second, more powerful bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Nagasaki, killing over 100,000 people. Since Japan was economically and militarily devastated by the late summer of 1945, the use of the atomic bombs on an already overcome Japan was unnecessary and unwarranted in bringing about a conclusion to the war in the Pacific. By the end of the war, the U.S. forces had pushed the Japanese far back into their country, leaving them no access to any resources from the Indies. Japanese cities and†¦show more content†¦A similar reasoning could be applied to the usage of the second bomb, fat man, which was dropped on Nagasaki three days later. One could wonder if the motive behind this second attack was similar to the first; the only difference being that the bomb to be t ested this time was considerably more powerful. The final say on whether or not to drop the bomb came from President Harry Truman, who had help from a special committee known as the Interim Committee. This organization was made up of Secretary Stimson as chairman; President Trumans personal representative, James F. Byrnes; the Under Secretary of the Navy, William L. Clayton; and the Assistant Secretary of State as well as many others. The work of the Interim Committee was to discuss the uses of the bomb and whether or not it would be wise to use nuclear force against Japan in combat. On July 1, 1945, the committee submitted a report to President Truman stating that: 1. The bomb should be used against Japan as soon as possible. 2. It should be used against a military target surrounded by other buildings. 3. It should be used without prior warning of the nature of the weapon. The Interim Committee decided against warning the Japanese about the atomic bomb because they claimed tha t they werent sure if it would detonate. Not one of the Chiefs nor the Secretary thought well of a bombShow MoreRelatedThe Bombing Of Hiroshima1096 Words   |  5 Pages The morning of August 6, 1945 in Hiroshima, Japan did not begin in any exceptional way; in fact the people had no idea that they were about to be part of one of the most significant mornings in all of history. At 8:15 am, the United States Army Air Forces dropped the first atomic bomb, ironically called, when one considers the enormity of the bombs significance, the Little Boy Three days later the U.S. dropped a second bomb nicknamed the Fat Man on the town of Nagasaki, Japan. HistoricallyRead MoreHiroshima And Nagasaki Bombing Of Hiroshima1206 Words   |  5 PagesWorld War Two Hiroshima and Nagasaki Bombing The Bombing In 1945, the US dropped 2 atomic bombs on the cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki in Japan, causing hundreds of thousands civilian deaths. Some people say that this act helped to end the world war and save more lives, but others think that it was not needed and wasn t the cause of the Japanese surrender. Sequence of Events 5th August 1945 President gives approval to use bombs 6th August 1945 Bombing of Hiroshima 9th August 1945 Bombing of NagasakiRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1720 Words   |  7 PagesPart A: Plan of Investigation To what extent did the bomb that was dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan justified? The Manhattan project was the reason the bomb, ‘Little Boy’ and ‘Fat Man’ were dropped in Japan. The Manhattan project was created because America was frightened, that Germany was already creating nuclear bombs. (http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki) So, America started the project in 1949. The reason Japan became the target was because, JapanRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1474 Words   |  6 PagesNuclear Paper: The Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki World War Two is arguably the most famous war in world history. It is remembered as a very tragic and influential historical event across the globe. Many countries joined the war at different times, but the general start date has been narrowed to the period of time between 1931 and 1939. The war was primarily between two main powers; the Axis nations, consisting of Nazi Germany, Italy, and Japan, and the Allied nations, led by Britain and CommonwealthRead MoreEssay on The Hiroshima Bombing1389 Words   |  6 PagesThe Hiroshima Bombing Fifty four years ago, the detonation of the first atomic bomb on the Japanese city of Hiroshima (and later on Nagasaki) ushered to the Nuclear Age. It was a moment full of horror, in which the eyes of the whole world were opened to the unimaginable possibility of nuclear holocaust. The experience on what happened to those cities and what is still happening to many of the survivors there, leads to explore what happened to America as a consequence of Hiroshima; bothRead MoreThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki700 Words   |  3 PagesThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki The United States was completely unjustified in dropping the atomic bomb because it was used so we could have a sense of â€Å"power† over the rest of the world. President Harry Truman had paid no heed to his prior statements as to the intended use of the bomb; and not only had it violated the Hague Convention, but it also caused lifelong repercussions for Japan’s land and people. 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This massive explosion demolished 90 percent of the city and immediately killed 80,000 people. This was only the beginning though, tens of thousands of innocent people died due to the aftermath of radiation exposure for anotherRead MoreThe Bombing Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki1902 Words   |  8 Pages Hiroshima and Nagasaki altered the course of world events by starting the Cold War, ushering advancements in technology, and by influencing cultures worldwide. Occurring on August 6 and August 9 in 1945, the bombing of the cities set of a series of events that would forever change history. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from the war as superpowers with seemingly limitless power. Their ideologies, however, contrasted greatly, and the once allied nations would turn against each otherRead MoreThe Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki888 Words   |  4 PagesThe Bombing of Hiroshima Nagasaki Would you kill a thousand to save millions? Well the drastic actions taken by the United States did save millions. There were two actions that had to occur to save the millions and end the war, the dropping of the two atomic bombs being the first of their kind were to be the most powerful bomb ever invented using atomic and nuclear forces so create it and packed over 20,000 tons of TNT and was about ten feet long. The bomber that transported and dropped them

Ludwig van Beethoven Example For Students

Ludwig van Beethoven Biography Outline1 Biography2 Beethoven`s music3 Was Beethoven Deaf?4 Career as a Composer5   Character6 Legacy Biography Ludwig van Beethoven, a great German composer, was born on 16 December 1770. His birthplace is Bonn, Germany. He is a defining figure in the Western classical music. As far as his family background is concerned, the musical prodigy comes from a musical family. He also had two younger brothers, Caspar and Johann. The siblings were very different from Beethoven. Talking about his mother was a very conservative woman who lived only by moral principles and wanted everyone to adhere to the rules. His father, Johann van Beethoven was a court singer. Due to this fact, being a little child, Beethoven was receiving the first musical lessons mainly from his father. It should be mentioned that Beethoven’s musical potential was seen from the beginning. From the very childhood, Beethoven was taught to play the organ, harpsichord, violin, and flute. He enjoyed the play and was, probably, the most talented pupil. Being in the early ages, he was already described as a very talented musician with creative imagination. Later, the musical prodigy attended a Latin school named Tirocinium and was there an average student, because of his problems with sums and spelling. The first who started after the school seriously teach Beethoven how to become a great musician was Christian Gottlob Neefe, a German opera composer. What is more, it was Neefe who introduced Beethoven to Johann Sebastian Bach. He not only made him understand the world of music but also inspired the boy to do great things and make own contribution. After Beethovens mother died in 1787, he took care of his family. His father drunk a lot and was not able to support the family. To be more precise, Beethoven started playing in the orchestra and listening to the lectures in the university. What is more, when he was only twelve years old, he became an organists assistant at court. The boy was learning several languages at the same time and was endlessly trying to create musical pieces. Also, Beethoven was keen on reading, and his favorite authors were Homer and Plutarch, and more contemporary writers such as William Shakespeare and Friedrich Schiller. Probably, many ideas of his later songs were taken precisely from his favorite authors. When Ludwig van Beethoven met by chance with Haydn, he decided to take lessons from him. To do so, he moved to Vienna. In some time, Beethoven’s teacher becomes Antonio Salieri. In Vienna, Beethoven was known mainly as a virtuoso pianist. The authorities, despite his radical thoughts, did not punish the musician. Approximately in 1796, Beethoven faced some hearing problems and probably suffered from tinnitus. Even though he did not want to recognize the fact, the disease was inevitable. Later, because of the heightened emotions and psychological struggles, he got the post-hepatitic cirrhosis of the liver. On March 26, 1827, the musician died at the age of 56, becoming one of the most famous piano composers in the history of humanity. His death was the greatest shock in Vienna, and nearly 20  000 citizens gathered together to immortalize such a great musician Ludwig van Beethoven. Beethoven`s music Different scholars divided Ludwig van Beethoven’s musical works into three distinct periods, depending on the musicians style and chronological order of his musical pieces. Each period can be characterized by peculiar features and unique approach to the music. The first period of his musical works lasts until 1802. Beethoven published his first composition, namely a set of piano variations, at the age of twelve. Even though it was not as successful as he expected, young the famous piano composer succeeded to prove that, in some time, he will become a great musician. During the first period, the composer followed musical trends and techniques of that time. He practically did not use any innovations. Also, his first two symphonies, three piano concerti, and piano sonatas fall into the first period. Creating his music, Beethoven used the language of Viennese classicism, emphasizing clarity, balance, and restraint. Also, during the first period, Beethoven wrote many smaller pieces such as dances, familiar tunes, and variations. One example of this period is a famous Symphony No. 1. The symphony was dedicated to Baron Gottfried van Swieten. Claude MonetFrom that moment, he was composing piece after piece and has rich his musical maturity. Beethovens Six String Quartets (1801) demonstrated the masters complete knowledge of the most difficult forms developed by Mozart and Haydn. Also, a significant step in Beethovens career as a composer became The Creatures of Prometheus (1801) that received a lot of performances at the Imperial Court Theater.   Character Talking about the character of Ludwig van Beethoven, one can quickly recognize his personality, full of contrasts. Generally, Beethoven had a very harsh character from the very childhood. The boy was very serious in comparison to his peers. Indeed, he was sharp, aggressive, and short-tempered. The evidence shows that once, during a concert, one gentleman spoke to Beethoven’s lady. As an answer, the composer suddenly stopped playing and said sharply that he â€Å"will not play for such pigs.† Even though the authorities and the audience tried to persuade the musician, nothing has helped to make him play again. Also, it should be mentioned that Beethovens deafness gives the keys to understanding the character of the composer. The disease made him more introverted from the world around. It made him feel melancholy, painful distrust, irritability and brought the thoughts about suicide. It should be noted that the tendency to seclusion, to loneliness, was the innate quality of Beethovens character. His biographers draw him a silent, thoughtful child who prefers loneliness to peer society. According to different studies, the composer was able to sit for one whole hour looking at one point, being completely immersed in his thoughts. Looking at Beethoven photos, one may see furrowed brow and pursed lips that underline the man’s seriousness. Nevertheless, as it was already mentioned, Beethovens personality is full of contrasts. Hence, despite his introverted character, he was a very talkative person with a good sense of humor. In fact, he loved puns, rough jokes, and was never afraid to make a joke in public. Besides, he was very open-minded to his closest friends. He retained his propensity for cheerful comments even talking with the princes. Legacy It goes without saying that Ludwig van Beethoven is the greatest classical piano composers throughout the history. His accomplishments in Music can be compared to Shakespeares contribution to Literature. Every person who likes classical music will not be indifferent to listening to the musician’s songs. First of all, Beethoven is the greatest composer who has created the most magnificent musical works, which still impress people. It was Beethoven who revealed to humanity the great possibilities of such a simple instrument as a piano. Thanks to Beethoven, many revolutionary innovations were made in the world of music for example, it was Beethoven who increased the length of the symphony, its scale. And it is precisely Beethoven who is considered to be a key person as far as the transition from the classical style of music to the romantic style is concerned. The fact that makes his biography even more unbelievable and exciting is that Beethoven composed most of his beautiful so ngs while being deaf. He was arguably the greatest musician who ever lived, and many of his famous works are still the greatest works of music that have been ever created. Nothing could break this great composer- not the time that Beethoven left much behind, the misunderstanding of critics, or even deafness. Beethoven managed to overcome all obstacles in his path and leave behind the best treasure for mankind his musical works. Indeed, only a few people could really appreciate the contribution of Beethoven. The composer was much ahead of his time. As Ludwig van, Beethoven once said to musical critics: This is not for you, but for the future generation. Today, the date of his birthday is considered all over the world as the day to honor the most talented musician. Hence, humanity can be proud of Ludwig van Beethoven one of his best sons who is not in vain called the greatest composer in the world and who is by no means accidentally one of the greatest people of all time and nation.

The unique quality of this tragic experience is created by the impetuous rashness of youth Essay Example For Students

The unique quality of this tragic experience is created by the impetuous rashness of youth Essay How Does Shakespeare Present Young Love In Romeo And Juliet? In todays society, Romeo and Juliet would be considered young love because it is so uncommon. But in sixteenth century England, it was quite normal for fourteen year olds to marry and have their first child by the age of sixteen; which is why many people consider one of the main themes to be young love. There is, undoubtedly an element of youth in this play but it is the nature of youth athwart societys prejudices, i.e. not being allowed to love someone because of their name: Whats in a name? However there are many other types of love in the play. We will write a custom essay on The unique quality of this tragic experience is created by the impetuous rashness of youth specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Our first meeting with Romeo shows us a stylised conventional view of love, also known as Petrarchan love (due to the Italian fourteenth century love poet Petrarch). This is what characterises Romeo in the opening scenes of the play: he postures and sighs; he understands that Rosaline is not to be hit with Cupids arrow: 1.1.206; she is out of his league, yet neither is he able to forget her, nor depite teasing from Benvolio and Mercutio, is he prepared to try and do so. During the first scenes of the play, Romeo is conspicuously absent and we can tell that he is suffering from lovesickness, the object of this unreturned being Rosaline. He is adamant that there will be no other woman, yet he is equally certain that she does not return his feelings. This accounts for the confusion that we see in the first conversation with Benvolio: 1.1.158-256. His speech is characterised by oxymoron and antithesis as he struggles to make sense of his dilemma. Romeos depression persists even when he i s making his way to the ball, and he is a soft target for Mercutios wit though he feels that something dreadful will bitterly begin his fearful date, something that will end with his untimely death: 1.4.109-12 Our first introduction to Juliet is at the Capulets ball where Romeos confusion and self-doubt are immediately banished when he sees Juliet for the first time and notices how she appears in the dance like a snowy dove trooping with crows: 1.5.48 However, this is quite ironic, because only a few hours ago he had been sobbing his heart out for his love of Rosaline: a typical example of young people not knowing what they want, not just in love but in life. However, in contradiction to this view of youth, the language Shakespeare uses when convey the message of Juliets beauty is of a much higher quality than that used to describe Rosaline. Shakespeare uses, when comparing things, figurative language. As a rich jewel in an Ethiops ear. Shakespeare also constantly uses light and dark imagery. His main reference to light and dark is the stars. On one level the stars represent fate the pair are star-crossed lovers and fated to die. On another level a star shows up against the night sky, like Juliet across the dance floor. What we have is a love that is coruscating, but short-lived, passing across the dark face of a troubled society. Additionally, the image carries with it excitement and a mesmerising speed of action. When Romeo first speaks to Juliet, Shakespeare employs a sonnet: to subtly elevate the opening lines of their love affair: 1.5.93-106. The point about the sonnet is that it has a strict form with an intricate rhyming scheme. There are 3 quatrains 3 verses of 4 lines each and a final rhyming couplet. When the sonnet is carefully analysed you will see that the first quatrain is given to Romeo, the second to Juliet, they share the third and together compose the rhyming couplet. What enhances the poetry an d makes it more effective is that it is as if Romeo and Juliet are on the same wavelength, a sure sign that the pair are in love. .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4 , .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4 .postImageUrl , .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4 , .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4:hover , .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4:visited , .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4:active { border:0!important; } .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4:active , .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4 .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u680459fd5fc73dd2de656e46a7c065a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How responsible are these adults for the tragedy? EssayThere are many different views of love in Romeo and Juliet, but none more entertaining than Mercutio. A way to understand the character of Mercutio is to look at his name. A mercurial person is eloquent, active, sprightly and changeable attributes that are most certainly evident in Mercutio. Mercutio is an attractive character that brings life and fun into the play through humour, wit and puns. He is very different from the serious minded Benvolio. His blunt advice to Romeo is to be rough with love: 1.4.27. Mercutios death is the tragic force of this play. His immediate response to his injury is make light of it but w hen he realises the gravity of the wound he utters a cry that will forever sum up the fate of the innocent, A plague o both your houses: 3.1.106. However, in contrast to Mercutio, Tybalt is a relatively one-dimensional character. He is hot-tempered, vindictive and aggressive. He dislikes love generally I think, because he dislikes peace; he hates the word: 1.1.67-8 and to be at peace, is to love. But it is not in kinsmen, that these lovers confide, but in the Nurse and Friar Lawrence. The Nurse, who has been Juliets closest friend and confidante is earthy and fun-loving yet insecure. She is a servant of the Capulet family and therefore speaks in prose. She is not a particularly clever person nor is she a sensitive one but she comes across as a comic figure. She is though, despite her insensitiveness, genuinely caring, as she is quick to warn Romeo not to lead Juliet into a fools paradise, particularly because the gentlewoman is young: 2.4.160-162. One suspects that she likes men; she is clearly taken with Romeo. The Friars role in the play parallels that of the Nurse. Romeo respects him and he too is fond of the young man. He acts as a guidance counsellor for Romeo and he is quick to point out the inconsistencies with Romeos love. Nevertheless hes persuaded by Romeo that what he had felt for Rosaline was not love but love read by rote that could not spell: 2.3.88. He has what could be a sense of destiny: he feels it is in his power to alter history, which impels him to conduct the marriage in order to turn your households rancour to pure love: 2.3.92. Yet it is the friars sense of destiny that has got him so deeply involved in the tragedy and possibly is the cause of Romeo and Juliets death. Romeo and Juliet die as a direct consequence of the hatreds of the society in which they find themselves. Their deaths make them permanent symbols of the power of love, which triumphs through all adversity, one that is destined to forever symbolise the tragic loss in all divided societies. Romeos love for Juliet is true as is Juliets for Romeo. And the speed of their love is incredibly quick. Inevitably so, as events move so quickly, mistakes will be made. The vital message fails to reach Romeo in Mantua. Romeo races to be with his love when all that he hears is she is dead. Romeo feels that he cannot live without Juliet. She is his light amongst the darkness of the troubled society in which the story is based. He ends his life with the subtle and swift use of poison. Juliet rouses herself from her cataleptic state fractionally too late to save her beloved Romeo and herself. If Romeo had waited, would everything turned out all right? The answer to that we will never know, but one thing we can safely say is that the unique quality of this tragic experience truly is created by the impetuous rashness of youth. This is portrayed through Shakespeares ingenuity that can create a language which in all its diversity can capture the most beautiful love story ever.